The 5th of October was a revolution that was close to failing for lack of adhesion, as it is often said?
The final plan began on the night from October 3 to 4 and consisted of the insubordination of the barracks and the navy of the capital. However, on the night from October 3 to 4, nothing ran as it had been planned and narrowly failed. Most of the Carbonarial members, without available arms, did not comply with the plan that had been carefully prepared by what they only attended about 200. The officers and conjured sergeants were only successful in two of the city’s three regiments. The situation seemed so lost to the republican forces, at dawn on October 4, that the chief of the conspiracy, the vice renovated candid Candido dos Reis, preferred to commit suicide to be arrested by the winning monarchies. Republican leaders preferred to hide. During the morning of the 4th, in every cafes of Chiado the idea that prevailed was that the revolution would fail. Notwithstanding all these suspicions the movements continued and benefited from the fact that the Lisbon Military Division command never truly attacked the Republicans. It was not the lack of experienced military staff, let alone an incompetence, but a political problem. Officers in charge of defending the monarchy were not, at all, interested in defending a government that did not represent their ideals or defended them, and the government, in turn, would rather solve the problem with the rebels by sending civil emissaries rather than delivering the resolution to military personnel to whom he did not trust at all. Thus the Republic only triumphed due to the disorganization, demoralization and lack of commitment of monarchics. The revolution came to fill a political void that had settled. For this very reason, there was not a single person who had resisted him conveniently.
Was the pink map question a machaded in the prestige of the constitutional monarchy and gave the republican movement breath?
All political groups took advantage of the generated crisis. Regenerators forgetting the policy began in 1885 argued that responsibility belonged to the Minister of Foreign Affairs and his approach policy to Germany, which was the reason that had triggered the English reaction. As for progressives in power, it was a matter of uniting the nation around the acting government to combat the common outer enemy, old political distraction to face the numerous difficulties that the country was going through. For Republicans was an excellent opportunity to take advantage of the discontent that Ultimatum generated in society, taking the opportunity to increase their adhesion. Just that year, he managed to elect three deputies for Lisbon. Since the 1890 ultimatum it has been a machan in the prestige of an increasingly decaying monarchy and gave arguments to a Republican party to begin to establish particularly in urban media.
It was to legitimize that the Republic made Portugal enter World War I, or was it important to be with the winners to defend the African colonies?
Portuguese involvement in World War I was motivated by a complex web of factors, including the dynamics of European alliances, the need to protect overseas possessions and internal pressure by social and political advances. Entry into World War I, emerged in the eyes of a small republican radical minority as an expedient that allowed to reinforce the executive branch in Portugal. The thought was very simple. Was the Republic weak and weakened? THE
solution was to generate a wave of nationalism that brought the country around the government that took it to war. Was the Democratic Party increasingly isolated in power, even among Republicans? The way to overcome him was to take Portugal to enter the war and create a government of national unity that had the Democratic Party at its center, as had happened in France and, in this case, even the Monarchics would have to support an ally from England, where D. Manuel II resided. In view of this “sacred union”, the Democratic Party allowed religious assistance to the campaign army. And for this very reason, Afonso Costa premonitorily stated, in 1914, that the war could be for the regime “the firmer base of its
rapid and progressive development. ”The regime divorced from the Armed Forces, which conspired against him? Panacea was once again war, which would force the military to meet around the government. Diplomatic relations with England were fragile to the point of questioning the continuity of the empire? Malvid the international plan?
The truth is that it ended up working exactly the opposite, in almost every point.
Did the monarchical revolts at some point between 1910 and 1926 were on the verge of creating a civil war?
It seems unthinkable, but the truth is that, just over a century ago, our country was divided into two parts, with two political regimes: north of Aveiro, except for some counties, the monarchy prevailed, while the South Republicans ruled. It happened only for 25 days, but it was a threat to the country’s peace, which was in danger of entering the civil war again after the conflict that had opposite absolutists and liberals between 1832 and 1834. This episode became known as the “Northern Monarchy.” The Republic did not have an easy experience, the contrary. To disturb its functioning, monarchical and Catholics, not always associated, were some of the
main responsible for this agitation. Taking advantage of all the disorganization that lived on January 19, 1919, in the city of Porto, the restoration of the Portuguese monarchy was proclaimed. The new kingdom went to history as the Northern Monarchy.
Does the refusal to grant vote to women, even after Carolina Beatriz Angelo’s civic courage, was for fear to the influence of the Catholic Church on the female electorate?
The Republic had promised much to the struggle that a set of Portuguese women had been undertaking and that it was, among other things, in the approval of universal suffrage, which, consequently, included female vote. The truth is that none of this was fulfilled by the Republicans and even after Beatriz Ângelo exercised the right to vote, the 1913 electoral law came to reduce access to the vote by defining that only “Portuguese male citizens” could vote, thus closing any possibility of political participation in the short term. This situation was undoubtedly stimulated by the fact that you look at women as an easily influential someone, not only in the family context, but also by the weight that the church could exercise on women’s voting options, thus preferring to seal their vote access.
Did the bloody night discredit the Republic?
There are several theories that seek to analyze why the events that have become known as the bloody night and realize who was behind it. One of these approaches is based on the idea that Spain intended, there was a lot, to take Portugal, recovering the “Filipino Dream”. To realize it, it was easier to claim
need for intervention in a chaotic country. For other authors, some associates to the political right, homicides were the result of extremism or political radicalism of the fringes of the Democratic Party. We would be facing more or less autonomous groups and therefore of very difficult control. Among all the deadly victims and all those who, tonight, were persecuted, seemed to be a point of unity. They all participated, to a greater or lesser extent, in Sidonism. Would the most radical factions be avenged from the persecution they had felt in the skin during sidonism? This hypothesis is not to disregard. In this
Particularly, the act of liberation of Sidónio Pais killer, José Júlio da Costa, is equally symptomatic. It is still important to explain that the bloody trauma and shock have contributed to redo and redinase the conspiracy within the Armed Forces. It was from 1921 that the army began to conspire actively. It was from then on that
The army has assumed to be the only entity capable of saving Portugal. A government of order and strength was necessary, that is, a military government. The military thus came to an understanding and began to sow the idea that the armed forces were apolitical and apartisan, the only capable of taking the nation’s reins. The bloody night was decisive for the union of a conservative and orderly block and was often used to remember the “chaos” and “anarchy” of the Republic, serving as a strong argument for opponents of this regime.
Were the 1926 coup military against the Republic?
Saturated from the deep political agitation that was lived and the consequent inability to solve most problems, much of the population began to manifest their disappointment to the Republic.
Against this state of affairs, at the end of May 1926, they registered
pronouncements in several military divisions spread across the country. The goal was to lead to an out -of -partisan government, consisting of republicans to deserve the country’s confidence. The goal was not, at all, the change of regime, nor would it be to replace, in power, one party with another. The main objective was, undoubtedly, to establish a “independent military government.” There was no resistance. The politicians themselves seemed to rejoice with the military coup, seeing in it a form
to redefine the political panorama within the republican regime.
From a way, we can conclude that the direct goal of the military dictatorship was not to put an end point in the Republic, before creating conditions so that it could have credibility and stability again. Unfortunately, the economic circumstances of the country and the growing political instability would lead to another political model, which would be successful and much longer lasting.